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Dumbarton House
is an excellent example of Federal period architecture. But what
exactly is the Federal period, and what are the characteristics
of its architecture and decorative arts?
Our nation’s
early years, when the Federalist Party led the American government
between 1790 and 1828, generally defines the Federal period. During
this time, a strong sense of nationalism was born and many government
leaders, like Thomas Jefferson, looked to the classical past of
Greece and Italy for inspiration in forging the identity of the
new American democratic Republic.
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New
York card table, #1932.10
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This new sense
of identity manifested itself in such homes as Dumbarton House.
Architecture of the Federal period, like that of the earlier Georgian
period, relies heavily on symmetry and balance. Federal homes usually
have an equal number of geometrically shaped rooms on each floor,
generally divided by a center hall. This central block is sometimes
flanked by wings--one- or two-story structures--and connected by
hyphens, presenting a balanced appearance. Federal interiors often
incorporate neoclassical elements, such as arches and fluted columns
or pilasters. These interiors are sometimes described as “Adamesque,”
a reference to the Scottish architect Robert Adam whose work was
heavily influenced by the many architectural elements and details
unearthed at the rediscovered Roman towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii.
Unlike furniture
of the preceding Chippendale style, which possesses bold carving and
rococo curves, that of the early Federal period (1790-1810) emphasizes
straight lines and simple ornament. Furthermore, it tends to be light
and delicate, allowing for ease in portability. Neoclassical elements,
such as fluted or reeded tapering legs, classical figures, festoons,
urns, masks, bellflowers and eagles ornament the furniture and decorative
arts of the period. English designers Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite
most frequently are associated with furniture of the early Federal
style. By contrast, furniture of the late Federal period (1810-1830)
copies ancient forms such as the klismos chair. It tends to be heavier
in appearance, and often is ornamented with three-dimensional carvings
of caryatids, dolphins and eagles.
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